Autoantibody Diversity Is Augmented in Women with Breast Cancer and Is Related to the Stage of the Disease.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent malignant neoplasia and leading cause of cancer mortality for women. A timely diagnosis of BC is crucial to ensure the best chances of survival. Among the various screening tools for BC, antibodies directed towards self-antigens or tumor-associated antigens (autoantibodies) have emerged as an alternative to image-based screening modalities. However, little attention has been paid to the global diversity of autoantibodies. This work aimed to analyze the diversity of autoantibodies reactive to antigens expressed by the BC cell line T47D in the sera of Mexican women with BC, benign breast pathology (BBP), or without breast pathology (WBP). We found that the diversity of antibodies in the sera was higher in the BC and BBP groups than in the WBP group. Likewise, the diversity changed with the progression of BC. Our results show and measure the complexity of the antibody response in breast health and disease.

Stress symptoms and positive coping during coronavirus disease 2019: The need to look at health from a gender perspective.

BACKGROUND: The emergency derived from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has taught us important lessons in public and environmental health, particularly in the alarming numbers of existing noncommunicable diseases. However, one aspect to which little attention has been paid during the pandemic is mental health and its relationship with the gender perspective, in spite of gender being a determinant associated with health. In contrast, regarding health, few schemes and theories consider health from a positive and comprehensive perspective. METHODS: This study was designed to examine the symptoms of stress and positive coping from a gender perspective. For this, the Stress Symptomatology Inventory, the Positive Coping to Life Scale and a general data questionnaire were applied to 665 individuals underwent the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 test at the Center for Health Studies and Services of the Universidad Veracruzana from July 2020 to November 2021. FINDINGS: We found that women presented more stress symptoms and less positive coping in the factor of positive self-regulation of adverse situations and the factors of self-determination and positive self-regulation of important situations. Moreover, significant differences in the associations of these variables were observed between men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the needs of women must be considered in the approach to the emergency department due to COVID-19 and in general in the health-disease process; therefore, not considering a gender approach will continue to deepen inequalities between sexes.

Psychological suppressive profile and autoantibodies variability in women living with breast cancer: A prospective cross-sectional study.

Breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of women's morbimortality worldwide. Unfortunately, attempts to predict women's susceptibility to developing BC well before it becomes symptomatic, based on their genetic, family, and reproductive background have proved unsatisfactory. Here we analyze the matching of personality traits and protein serum profiles to predict women's susceptibility to developing cancer. We conducted a prospective study among 150 women (aged 18-70 years), who were distributed into three groups (n = 50): women without breast pathology and women diagnosed with BC or benign breast pathology. Psychological data were obtained through standardized psychological tests and serum protein samples were analyzed through semiquantitative protein immunoblotting. The matching for psychological and immunological profiles was constructed from these data using a mathematical generalized linear model.The model predicted that women who have stronger associations between high-intensity stress responses, emotional containment, and an increased number and reduced variability of serum proteins (detected by IgG autoantibodies) have the greatest susceptibility to develop BC before the disease has manifested clinically. Hence, the present study endorses the possibility of using psychological and biochemical tests in combination to increase the possibility of identifying women at risk of developing BC before the disease shows clinical manifestations. A longitudinal study must be instrumented to test the prediction ability of the instrument in real scenarios. Trial registration: Committee of Ethical Research of the Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga," Ministry of Health (DI/12/111/03/064).

Your health is in your mouth: A comprehensive view to promote general wellness.

Background: Even though various studies recognize the importance of the oral cavity to have general health, in multidisciplinary professional practice it is almost always excluded and on an individual basis, very commonly neglected. Oral diseases are preventable, still, they are highly prevalent. Although some studies consider oral health within integral health, currently, there is no model in which the mouth is integrated within other levels for the achievement of well-being. The objective of this article was to review the importance of oral health and its connection with well-being and, based on these findings, propose a complex and comprehensive perspective for approach and care. Methods: The databases MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar were revised for randomized controlled trials and reviews that included search terms related to oral health and its relationship with the general health in its different levels (physical, psychological, social and environmental). Results: The review shows that oral health is critical, as the teeth and mouth are not only an integral part of the body, but also, they also support and enable essential human functions. That is, oral health has a multidimensional nature, as it includes the physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains that are essential for overall health and well-being. Likewise, the mouth is the psychological seat of the first physiological needs and emotional gratifications, with it we take a taste of the world around us. Thus, the mouth plays an important role in the feeling of unity and in the constitution of the self. Based on these results we propose an integrative model in which the mouth is the first step for well-being and from this integrative model we build a multidisciplinary approach which could be used in the clinical practice for the promotion of oral care and general health. Conclusion: The effort on the part of oral health professionals is essential for people's well-being and must be integrated as part of health promotion. Dental treatments alone cannot solve this problem, it requires a comprehensive and approach in which the bio-psychological, behavioral, and socio-environmental determinants are included to face this global oral health challenge. That is, without a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to medical science that includes dental and oral health, our public policies cannot provide the best answers to health promotion, disease prevention, early detection, and treatment.

Assessment of executive functions and physical activity in girls and boys with normal weight, overweight and obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and performance of executive functions (EFs) in girls and boys with 9- and 10-year-old schoolchildren with moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour. METHODS: A total of 120 schoolchildren (61 girls and 59 boys) were evaluated anthropometrically. The MVPA was evaluated with a self-report questionnaire. EFs were measured using a neuropsychological battery of Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes-2 (BANFE-2). RESULTS: A high BMI was associated with longer delay in completing inhibitory control tests (p = 0.00, rp  = 0.32) and working memory (p = 0.00, rp  = 0.26). We observed correlations in time (p = 0.00, rp  = -0.43) and hits (p = 0.04, rp  = -0.27) of self-directed signalling test in boys; and girls in alphabetical words order (p = 0.00, rp  = -0.39). Active normal weight schoolchildren (ANw) performed better by successfully completed the working memory tasks (H = 26.97, p = 0.00) than sedentary schoolchildren with overweight and obesity. In addition, overweight-active schoolchildren (AOw) showed better performance on working memory tests in time (p = 0.00) and hits (p = 0.01) than their sedentary peers. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between BMI and EFs scores (F = 2.41, df = 98, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: EFs are affected by a high BMI and sedentary behaviour in school children. Boys and girls reflected differences to solve the same challenges. The MVPA has a positive effect on executive control skills mainly in overweight children.

Potencial del índice de masa corporal como indicador de grasa corporal en jóvenes / Potential for body mass index as a tool to estimate body fat in young people

Objetivo: Determinar el indicador antropométrico que presenta mayor fuerza de asociación con el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la autorregulación de alimentación y actividad física en jóvenes estudiantes universitarios, para su uso por personal de enfermería en atención primaria. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 3.869 estudiantes universitarios mexicanos, de los cuales el 53,9% fueron mujeres. Se siguieron procedimientos estándar para la antropometría incluyendo peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura. Con estos datos se calcularon índice de masa corporal (IMC), A Body Shape Index, índice cintura-talla, Body roundness index y Conicity index. Se aplicaron la Escala de autorregulación de hábitos alimentarios y la Escala de autorregulación de actividad física. Se estimaron medias con desviación estándar, porcentajes y coeficientes de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: El grupo de hombres presentó prevalencia superior de exceso de peso en comparación con las mujeres. Se encontraron correlaciones inversas entre la mayoría de los índices antropométricos y la autorregulación de hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física. Sin embargo, en todos los casos las correlaciones fueron bajas. El porcentaje de grasa corporal tuvo una asociación media con Conicity index y fuerte con IMC, circunferencia de cintura, índice cintura-talla y Body roundness index, siendo el IMC el que presentó el coeficiente de correlación más fuerte. Conclusiones: De los indicadores analizados, el IMC muestra la fuerza de asociación más fuerte con el porcentaje de grasa corporal en estudiantes universitarios, por lo que se sugiere mantener su uso en enfermería para la determinación de obesidad por su simplicidad de estimación.(AU)

Objective: We aim to determine the anthropometric indicator that is most strongly associated with the percentage of body fat and self-regulation of eating behaviour and physical activity among young university students. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,869 Mexican university students, of which 53.9% were women. Standard procedures for anthropometry were followed, including weight, height and waist circumference. This data was used for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI), A Body Shape Index, waist-to-height ratio, Body Roundness Index and Conicity index. The self-regulation of eating habits scale and the self-regulation of physical activity scale were used. Mean with standard deviation, percentages and Pearson correlation coefficient were estimated. Results: The group of men shown a higher prevalence of excess weight compared to the women. Inverse correlations between most anthropometric indices and self-regulation of eating behaviour and physical activity were found. However, in all cases the correlations were weak. The percentage of fat had a medium frequency of association with Conicity index and high with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and Body Roundness Index, where the BMI showed the highest correlation coefficient. Conclusions: The BMI shows the highest magnitude of association with percentage of body fat in university students among the indicators analysed. Therefore it is suggested that nurses use BMI to determine obesity because it is easy to calculate.(AU)

Positive education in college students: the effects of the "self-knowledge and soul care" workshop on the emotions and character strengths / Educación positiva en estudiantes universitarios: efectos del taller "autoconocimiento y cuidado del alma" sobre las emociones y fortalezas del carácter

Objective: most healthy and unhealthy behaviors are acquired or consolidated during youth, thus a good investment in the future of any nation, should be to promote the development of young people, incorporating them into projects and programs that aspire to increase their subjective wellbeing and personal health. The Psycho-Educational Intervention (PEI) presented here has been shown to have effects on the health and wellbeing of students as well as on their academic performance. However, its effects on strength of character, emotional balance and emotional intelligence are unknown. Materials and methods: in this paper it was shows the effects of this PEI on positive education in a group of 18 students through three questionnaires: VIA-240, PANAS-20 and PIEMO. To estimate the effects of the PEI, a comparison was made between the scores obtained on the three questionnaires before and after the PEI sessions.Results: the results show that not only did character strengths, positive affect and emotional intelligence improve with PEI, but that also the character strengths and the emotional bearings arranged in a network topography changed with intervention. Also, there were some changes in the most connected nodes of the network. Conclusions: these results show that PEI improved the previous reported variables, they also show the way in which the balance of the positive and negative affects, the development of emotional intelligence and the enhancement of character strengths give access to the three pillars of positive psychology..(Au)

Objetivo: las conductas más saludables y no saludables se consolidan durante la juventud, por lo que una buena inversión de futuro de cualquier nación, debe ser promover su desarrollo, incorporándolos en proyectos que aspiren a incrementar su bienestar subjetivo y su salud. Se ha demostrado que la Intervención Psicoeducativa (IPE) que aquí se presenta tiene efectos en la salud y el bienestar de los estudiantes, así como en su rendimiento académico. Sin embargo, se desconocen sus efectos sobre las fortalezas de carácter, el equilibrio emocional y la inteligencia emocional. Materiales y métodos: en este trabajo se muestran los efectos de esta PEI en la educación positiva en un grupo de 18 estudiantes a través de tres cuestionarios: VIA- 240, PANAS-20 y PIEMO. Para su estimación, se realizó una comparación entre las puntuaciones obtenidas en los tres cuestionarios antes y después de las sesiones de la PEI. Resultados: los resultados muestran que no solo mejoraron las variables analizadas, sino que también las fortalezas del carácter y las emociones que están dispuestos en una topografía de red, cambiaron con la intervención. Además, hubo algunos cambios en los nodos más conectados de la red. Conclusiones: estos resultados muestran que la PEI mejoró las variables reportadas anteriormente, también muestran la forma en que el balance de los afectos positivos y negativos, el desarrollo de la inteligencia emocional y la potenciación de las fortalezas del carácter dan acceso a los tres pilares de la psicología positiva..(Au)

Las ferias como medio para la promoción de la salud en la comunidad universitaria: pasos hacia una educación positiva / Fairs as a means of promoting health in the university community: steps towards a positive education

Objetivo: la promoción de la salud en términos positivos y de bienestar, implica concebirla como el proceso en el que la comunidad aumenta el control sobre su salud, y la mejora. Las universidades tienen grandes capacidades para ello; por ejemplo, en ferias de salud que rompen los esquemas tradicionales unidireccionales y pasivos de los programas de salud. El programa de salud integral de la Universidad Veracruzana (México) implementó en su primera etapa estrategias para la promoción, prevención y tratamiento de enfermedades. Más tarde incorporó una visión más integral acorde a las necesidades enmarcadas en los objetivos sostenibles y la promoción de la salud comenzó a realizarse a través de ferias. No obstante, la comunidad universitaria dudaba que su realización tuviera beneficios. Materiales y métodos: se evaluó el efecto de las ferias en la salud y bienestar percibido por los estudiantes y su entorno y se identificaron las virtudes y fortalezas de carácter, las cuales son esenciales para la vida en bienestar. Resultados: la participación de los estudiantes en las ferias de salud les aporta conocimientos y habilidades para mejorar su salud, así como para adoptar estilos de vida acordes al autocuidado y la sustentabilidad. Además, las 24 fortalezas están presentes en todos los estudiantes, aunque el autocontrol fue la fortaleza menos presente. Conclusiones: las ferias son espacios que promueven la salud, al lograr transmitir y apropiar información, al mismo tiempo que acercan y educan a diferentes públicos de manera efectiva lúdica..Au

Objective: the promotion of health in positive and well-being terms implies conceiving it as the process in which the community increases control over its health and improves it. Universities in this sense have great capacities for their promotion, for example, health fairs break the traditional unidirectional and passive schemes of health programs. The comprehensive health program of the Universidad Veracruzana, implemented in its first stage strategies for the promotion, prevention and treatment of diseases. Later, it incorporated a more comprehensive vision according to the needs framed in the sustainable objectives and the promotion of health began to be carried out through fairs. However, there was a perception in the university community that its implementation had no benefits. Materials and methods: the effect of the fairs on the perceived health and well-being of the students and their environment was evaluated, and the virtues and strengths of character, which are essential for life in well-being, were identified. Results: the participation of the students provides them with knowledge and skills to improve their health, as well as to adopt lifestyles consistent with self-care and sustainability. In addition, the 24 strengths are present in all students, although self-control was the least present strength. Conclusions: fairs are spaces that promote health, by transmitting and appropriating information, at the same time that they approach and educate different audiences in an effective playful way..Au

Potential for body mass index as a tool to estimate body fat in young people. / Potencial del índice de masa corporal como indicador de grasa corporal en jóvenes.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to determine the anthropometric indicator that is most strongly associated with the percentage of body fat and self-regulation of eating behaviour and physical activity among young university students. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,869 Mexican university students, of which 53.9% were women. Standard procedures for anthropometry were followed, including weight, height and waist circumference. This data was used for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI), A Body Shape Index, waist-to-height ratio, Body Roundness Index and Conicity index. The self-regulation of eating habits scale and the self-regulation of physical activity scale were used. Mean with standard deviation, percentages and Pearson correlation coefficient were estimated. RESULTS: The group of men shown a higher prevalence of excess weight compared to the women. Inverse correlations between most anthropometric indices and self-regulation of eating behaviour and physical activity were found. However, in all cases the correlations were weak. The percentage of fat had a medium frequency of association with Conicity index and high with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and Body Roundness Index, where the BMI showed the highest correlation coefficient CONCLUSIONS: The BMI shows the highest magnitude of association with percentage of body fat in university students among the indicators analysed. Therefore it is suggested that nurses use BMI to determine obesity because it is easy to calculate.

Psychological factors as coping skills to attenuate the gestational stress response / Factores psicológicos como medidas de afrontamiento para modular la respuesta al estrés gestacional

OBJECTIVE: Although in the 1940s there was an important decrease in global maternal/infant mortality rates, by the 1990s these rates had become stagnant. Many strategies to decrease maternal/infant mortality had been used, which included the prevention of pregnancy complications. Several studies showed an association between these complications and the stress perceived during pregnancy. However, there are some discrepancies which challenge this association. We believe that these discrepancies are due to the lack of understanding about the pregnant stress response and consequently the ways it is measured. The aim of this study was to understand how pregnant women perceive motherhood, pregnancy stressors and the psychological factors that attenuate the stress response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted that explores the perception of gestational stress in 32 pregnant women who were recruited in different Health Centers. Semi-structured interviews were carried out which were conducted by the PhD student in charge of the project and each interview lasted 15-20 min. Since the interviews were audio-recorded they were transcribed and the information was then categorized according to the three issues raised in the objective (motherhood, pregnancy stressors, and psychological factors that attenuate the stress response). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We found that the gestational stress response and also its magnitude are influenced not only by how women perceive the aspects, but also and most importantly by its articulation. Likewise, results show that gestational stress is only attenuated when women perceive and cope with both the positive and negative aspects of pregnancy and motherhood

OBJETIVO: Si bien en 1940 hubo una disminución importante en las tasas globales de mortalidad materno/infantil, hacia 1990 estas tasas se estancaron. Desde entonces se han utilizado muchas estrategias para disminuir la mortalidad materno/infantil, las cuales incluyen la prevención de las complicaciones del embarazo. Varios estudios mostraron una asociación entre estas complicaciones y el estrés percibido durante el embarazo. Sin embargo, hay algunas discrepancias que desafían esta asociación. Creemos que estas discrepancias se deben al poco entendimiento que tenemos sobre la respuesta al estrés durante el embarazo y, en consecuencia, en la forma en que esta se mide. Es por ello que el objetivo de este estudio es comprender cómo las mujeres embarazadas perciben la maternidad, los estresores propios del embarazo y los factores psicológicos que modulan la respuesta al estrés. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo que explora la percepción sobre el estrés gestacional en 32 mujeres embarazadas que eran derechohabientes de los centros de salud. Para ello se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, las cuales fueron realizadas por la estudiante de doctorado encargada del proyecto, y cada una tuvo una duración de 15 a 20 min. Puesto que las entrevistas fueron audiograbadas, se transcribieron y se categorizó la información de acuerdo con los 3 temas planteados en el objetivo (percepción de la maternidad, estresores propios del embarazo y factores psicológicos moduladores de estrés). RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Encontramos que la respuesta del estrés gestacional y su magnitud son influidas no solo por la percepción que tiene la mujer de estos aspectos, sino sobre todo por su articulación. Además, los resultados muestran que el estrés gestacional solo se atenúa cuando las mujeres perciben y enfrentan tanto los aspectos positivos como los negativos del embarazo y la maternidad

Psychometric Analysis of the Body Shape Questionnaire in Mexican University Students. / Análisis psicométrico del Body Shape Questionnaire en universitarios mexicanos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the psychometric properties, internal structure, and relationship with anthropometric indicators of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) among Mexican university students according to the measurement invariance approach. METHODS: An instrumental study was carried out to assess the psychometric properties, validity, and reliability of the BSQ. The analysis of the measurement invariance was performed using the Least Squares Estimation, and weighted by adjusted variance and polychoric correlations after assessing different measurement models for BSQ in each group. The scores of the final version were correlated with anthropometric indicators by the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: As regards the dimensional analysis, all of the previous models for BSQ have favourable adjustment rates, although those with a single factor show more robust evidence. The configural invariance was accepted; suggesting that the one-dimensional structure is common for both men and women. However, 16-item factorial loadings were statistically different between the groups. Hence, they were discarded and an 18-item version (BSQ-18) was obtained, which is considered invariant as regards gender. In addition, there is a direct relationship between the scores of the BSQ-18 version and the body mass index, waist circumference, and fat percentage. Satisfactory indicators were found as regards stability. CONCLUSIONS: The BSQ-18 can be used with men and women, and has high reliability indicators to be conducted in clinical settings to assess eating disorders and obesity among university students.

Análisis psicométrico del Body Shape Questionnaire en universitarios mexicanos / Psychometric Analysis of the Body Shape Questionnaire in Mexican University Students

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas, estructura interna y relación con indicadores antropométricos del Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) en universitarios mexicanos, partiendo de un enfoque de la invarianza de medición. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio instrumental, orientado a la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas, validez y fiabilidad, del BSQ. Se realizó análisis de invarianza de la medición por el método de estimación mínimos cuadrados ponderados con varianza ajustada y correlaciones policóricas, previa evaluación de diferentes modelos de medición del BSQ en cada grupo. Las puntuaciones de la versión final se correlacionaron con indicadores antropométricos mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: En el análisis dimensional, todos los modelos previos del BSQ presentan índices de ajuste favorables, aunque aquellos de un solo factor presente son los que tienen evidencia más robusta. Se aceptó la invarianza configural, lo que indica que la estructura unidimensional es común a varones y mujeres. Sin embargo, las cargas factoriales de 16 ítems fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre los grupos, por lo que se descartaron y se obtuvo una versión de 18 ítems (BSQ-18), que se considera invariante respecto al sexo. Además, hay relación directa entre las puntuaciones de la versión del BSQ-18 y el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura y el porcentaje de grasa. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, se hallaron indicadores satisfactorios. Conclusiones: El BSQ-18 es aplicable tanto a varones como a mujeres y tiene indicadores de fiabilidad elevados que posibilitan su uso en entornos clínicos para la evaluación en el abordaje de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y obesidad en jóvenes universitarios.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyse the psychometric properties, internal structure, and relationship with anthropometric indicators of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) among Mexican university students according to the measurement invariance approach. Methods: An instrumental study was carried out to assess the psychometric properties, validity, and reliability of the BSQ. The analysis of the measurement invariance was performed using the Least Squares Estimation, and weighted by adjusted variance and polychoric correlations after assessing different measurement models for BSQ in each group. The scores of the final version were correlated with anthropometric indicators by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: As regards the dimensional analysis, all of the previous models for BSQ have favourable adjustment rates, although those with a single factor show more robust evidence. The configural invariance was accepted; suggesting that the one-dimensional structure is common for both men and women. However, 16-item factorial loadings were statistically different between the groups. Hence, they were discarded and an 18-item version (BSQ-18) was obtained, which is considered invariant as regards gender. In addition, there is a direct relationship between the scores of the BSQ-18 version and the body mass index, waist circumference, and fat percentage. Satisfactory indicators were found as regards stability. Conclusions: The BSQ-18 can be used with men and women, and has high reliability indicators to be conducted in clinical settings to assess eating disorders and obesity among university students

Design and Psychometric Analysis of the Stressors and Modulators of Gestational Stress Inventory (SMGSI).

Gestational stress is associated with many maternal and child complications, however, this association must be taken with care, since there are studies that find inconsistent results between stress measures and maternal complications. It is believed that the lack of convergence is due to the way in which gestational stress is evaluated.The aim of the present study was to design and validate an instrument based on a bio-psycho-social model of gestational stress. The design and validation process of the inventory was divided into four phases: (a) Construction of the items bank and content validity, (b) construct validity, (c) inventory reliability and (d) convergent and discriminant validity with psychometric instruments that have been used in other investigations to evaluate gestational stress.A valid and reliable Stressors and Modulators of Gestational Stress Inventory (SMGSI) conformed by two scales was developed: (a) Gestational stressors, which is formed by two factors, the psychological stressors and social stressors with a variance of 48.5% and 51.8% and a reliability of .79 and .67, respectively; and (b) gestational stress modulators integrated by 8 items that explain 55.2% of the variance and with a reliability of .92. In conclusion, a valid and reliable tool was obtained that measures gestational stress from a bio-psycho-social perspective. This inventory allows for the identification of allostatic and pantostatic stress, making it useful as a diagnostic tool to prevent maternal and childhood complications that are associated with chronic gestational stress.

Estrés percibido y felicidad en adultos mexicanos según estado de salud-enfermedad / Perceived stress and happiness among Mexican adults split by health-illness condition

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre el estrés percibido y la felicidad en adultos mexicanos, así como comparar ambas variables según el estado de salud-enfermedad. La muestra estuvo conformada por 762 adultos mexicanos con una media de edad de 44.96 años, de los cuales el 70.3 % reportó no padecer ninguna enfermedad. Se utilizó la Escala de Estrés Percibido y el Inventario de Felicidad Auténtica. Adicionalmente, los participantes reportaron si padecían alguna enfermedad y seleccionaron, posteriormente, en una lista de opciones. Mediante el SPSS v.24 se realizaron análisis de frecuencias, descriptivos, análisis de correlación y análisis de varianza de un factor. En los resultados se observó una correlación negativa y estadísticamente significativa entre el estrés percibido y la felicidad. Por su parte, solo se observaron diferencias significativas en la subescala de estrés percibido "sobrepasado por la situación"; fue mayor en el grupo de personas con una enfermedad aguda en comparación con el grupo de personas sanas. Se discuten los principales hallazgos, así como las implicaciones para la práctica psicológica.

Abstract The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between perceived stress and happiness in Mexican adults, and test for differences in both variables according to the health disease condition. The sample consisted of 762 Mexican adults with an average age of 44.96 years, of which 70.3% reported not suffering from any disease. The Perceived Stress Scale and the Authentic Happiness Inventory were used. In addition, participants reported if they suffer from any disease, later selecting from a list of options. Using the SPSS v.24, frequency, descriptive, correlation and analysis of variance of one factor were performed. Negative and statistically significant correlation between perceived stress and happiness was found. On the other hand, only significant differences were observed in the subscale of perceived stress "overwhelmed by the situation" being greater in the group of people with an acute illness, compared to the group of healthy people. The main findings as well as implications for psychological practice are discussed.

Design and psychometric analysis of the Stressors and Modulators of Gestational Stress Inventory (SMGSI)

Gestational stress is associated with many maternal and child complications, however, this association must be taken with care, since there are studies that find inconsistent results between stress measures and maternal complications. It is believed that the lack of convergence is due to the way in which gestational stress is evaluated. The aim of the present study was to design and validate an instrument based on a bio-psycho-social model of gestational stress. The design and validation process of the inventory was divided into four phases: (a) Construction of the items bank and content validity, (b) construct validity, (c) inventory reliability and (d) convergent and discriminant validity with psychometric instruments that have been used in other investigations to evaluate gestational stress. A valid and reliable Stressors and Modulators of Gestational Stress Inventory (SMGSI) conformed by two scales was developed: (a) Gestational stressors, which is formed by two factors, the psychological stressors and social stressors with a variance of 48.5% and 51.8% and a reliability of .79 and .67, respectively; and (b) gestational stress modulators integrated by 8 items that explain 55.2% of the variance and with a reliability of .92. In conclusion, a valid and reliable tool was obtained that measures gestational stress from a bio-psycho-social perspective. This inventory allows for the identification of allostatic and pantostatic stress, making it useful as a diagnostic tool to prevent maternal and childhood complications that are associated with chronic gestational stress

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Análisis estructural de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff en universitarios mexicanos / Structural analysis of the Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale among Mexican college students

Objetivos: realizar el análisis de la estructura interna de la versión en español de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff (PWBS-E) en estudiantes universitarios (n = 1700; 54.75% mujeres; Medad = 19.23) de una institución pública en Veracruz, México. Método: La estructura interna de la PWBS-E fue evaluada mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA), el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales exploratorio (ESEM) y el análisis factorial exploratorio (EFA). La confiabilidad del constructo fue estimada con el coeficiente α y de las puntuaciones con el coeficiente α. Resultados: indicaron que una estructura unidimensional y breve (19 ítems) posee mayor respaldo empírico. Además, se evidenció la existencia de un factor de método asociado a ítems invertidos en los modelos multidimensionales. En cuanto a la confiabilidad, se hallaron indicadores aceptables en ambos niveles (constructo y puntuaciones). Conclusiones: se discuten los hallazgos y las implicancias prácticas de la versión breve de la PWBS-E en universitarios

Objectives: This paper aimed to analyze the internal structure of the Spanish version of the Ryff ’s psychological well-being scale (PWBS-E) among college students (n = 1700, 54.75% females, Mage = 19.23) who attend a public institution located in Veracruz, Mexico. Method: The internal structure of the PWBS-E was assessed using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while the reliability of the construct was estimated with the ù coefficient and the reliability of the scores, with the α coefficient. Results: Suggested that a short and unidimensional structure (19 items) provides greater empirical support. In addition, a method factor associated with inverted items in multidimensional models was evidenced. Regarding the reliability, acceptable indicators were found in both levels (construct and scores). Conclusions: This paper addresses both the findings and practical implications of the short version of the PWBS-E among college students.

Efecto de la sinergia de los factores de riesgo para cáncer de mama en mujeres de la ciudad de Veracruz / Synergic effect of risk factors for breast cancer in women from Veracruz city

Introducción y objetivos: El cáncer de mama (CaMa) es la neoplasia más común en las mujeres. La Organización Mundial de la Salud estima que el 30% de las muertes por CaMa son debidas a factores asociados a estilos de vida. En México hay una epidemia de obesidad, que favorece la aparición de hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus 2. No obstante, la prevalencia y contribución clínica de esta tríada en el desarrollo del CaMa y su interacción con los factores de riesgo conocidos han sido poco estudiados. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó asociación de obesidad, la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus 2 y de los factores de riesgo para CaMa (reportados en los expedientes clínicos de mujeres con y sin diagnóstico de CaMa del Hospital N.° 71 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social) y su peso proporcional, con la ausencia o presencia de diagnóstico de CaMa. Resultados: Solo los antecedentes heredofamiliares y el tabaquismo, de los factores de riesgo reconocidos para CaMa, mostraron asociación con el diagnóstico de CaMa. Tampoco las enfermedades metabólicas mostraron diferencias. No obstante, el peso proporcional de todas las variables sí mostró significación estadística en el grupo con CaMa. Conclusiones: La visión clásica de que los factores de índole clínico per se son determinantes para el desarrollo de CaMa necesita ser modificada. Es necesario realizar estudios que consideren la interrelación que guardan los factores de riesgo entre sí y otros trastornos que se han normalizado en la población

Introduction and objectives: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common neoplasm in women worldwide. The World Health Organisation estimates that 30% of deaths due to BC are associated with lifestyle factors. In Mexico there is an obesity epidemic, which favours the appearance of hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). However, there have been few studies of the prevalence and clinical contribution of this triad in the development of BC and its interaction with known risk factors. Materials and methods: We analysed the association of obesity, hypertension and DM2, and risk factors for BC (reported in the clinical files of women with and without a diagnosis of BC in Hospital N.° 71 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security) and their proportional weight, with the presence or absence of a BC diagnosis. Results: Among the recognised risk factors for BC, only a hereditary family history and smoking were associated with a diagnosis of BC. Metabolic diseases showed no differences. However, the proportional weight of all the variables was statistically significant in the group with BC. Conclusions: There is a need to modify the classical view that clinical factors per se determine the development of BC. Studies are needed that analyse the interrelation between risk factors and other disorders that have become highly prevalent in the population

Valores normativos del sistema internacional de imágenes afectivas en población mexicana: diferencias entre Estados Unidos, Colombia y México / Normative Values of the International Affective Picture System in Mexicans: Differences between USA, Colombia and Mexico

Resumen Uno de los instrumentos con mayor evidencia empírica y versatilidad para el estudio de las emociones y la motivación es el Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectivas (International Affective Picture System, IAPS). Sin embargo, no ha sido probado en población mexicana. Por esta razón el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo determinar los valores normativos en valencia, arousal y dominancia para los conjuntos 13, 14, 19 y 20 del IAPS en población mexicana, e identificar las diferencias con países de América (Colombia y Estados Unidos). Participaron 408 estudiantes quienes evaluaron 238 imágenes del IAPS a través del Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Los resultados mostraron que la distribución de las imágenes en el espacio afectivo bidimensional (valencia-arousal) adoptan la forma esperada de boomerang, coincidiendo con lo encontrado en otras poblaciones. Sin embargo, en población mexicana es más fuerte la relación entre valencia apetitiva y arousal que entre valencia aversiva y arousal. En conclusión, los valores normativos de los conjuntos 13, 14, 19 y 20 pueden ser utilizados en población mexicana para el estudio objetivo de las emociones.

Abstract The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) is an instrument to the study of emotions and motivation with a high empirical evidence and versatility. However, it has not been tested in Mexican population, for that reason the aim of this study was to determine the normative values of valence, arousal and dominance for the IAPS sets of pictures 13, 14, 19 and 20 in Mexican population. Participants were 408 students who assessed 238 images of the IAPS through the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). The results showed that the pictures distribution on the two-dimensional affective space (valence-arousal); take a boomerang form, which is consistent with the findings in other populations. Nevertheless, in the Mexican population there was a stronger relationship between appetitive valence and arousal than the one observe in aversive valence and arousal. In conclusion the normative values in the IAPS sets of pictures 13, 14, 19 and 20 can be used in the study of emotions in Mexican people.

Evaluating Stress during Pregnancy: Do We Have the Right Conceptions and the Correct Tools to Assess It?

Gestational stress is believed to increase the risk of pregnancy failure and perinatal and adult morbidity and mortality in both the mother and her child or children. However, some contradictions might arise from methodological issues or even from differences in the philosophical grounds that guide the studies on gestational stress. Biased perspectives could lead us to use and/or design inadequate/incomplete panels of biochemical determinations and/or psychological instruments to diagnose it accurately during pregnancy, a psychoneuroimmune-endocrine state in which allostatic loads may be significant. Here, we review these notions and propose a model to evaluate and diagnose stress during pregnancy.

Self-regulation of eating and physical activity is lower in obese female college students as compared to their normal weight counterparts.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is characterized, among other features, by overeating, reduced physical activity and an abnormal accumulation of body fat. These features are thought to result, at least in part, from the individual's inability to self-regulate their eating and physical activity behaviors (E&PaB). Self-regulation of the E&PaB is a three-step sequential process: self-observation, self-evaluation and self-reaction. However, it is yet unclear whether deficient self-regulation of E&PaB could predispose, facilitate and/or consolidate obesity. Unraveling this issue is fundamental in order to more precisely define the role of self-regulation of E&PaB in the management of obesity. METHODS: This research was focused on the question of whether or not self-regulation of E&PaB is related to obesity in female undergraduate students. This population segment seems especially vulnerable to developing obesity since they undergo a significant shift of their E&PaB upon their university enrollment. To address this question, a cross-sectional study with 108 female undergraduate students with normal weight (n = 80) or obesity (n = 28) was performed, in which self-regulation of eating habits and physical activity was measured by two validated scales and a personal data questionnaire. RESULTS: Female undergraduate students displaying lower E&PaB self-reactions were consistently overweight or obese. In addition, a multivariate analysis identified high levels of self-reaction towards eating habits related to a minor presence of overweight issues or obesity. CONCLUSION: Self-regulation should be an essential component in the strategies for obesity prevention as an integral approach that must include orientation about healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. In addition, further studies on the effect of self-regulation in the treatment of the obesity are needed.